Sudan faces escalating social and economic challenges due to the increasing frequency of floods and droughts, driven by growing inter-annual precipitation variability in the Nile basin. These extreme weather events severely impact the water-food-energy nexus, causing widespread property loss, damaging irrigation facilities and water services, and promoting the spread of waterborne diseases.

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St. Kitts and Nevis are already experiencing some of the effects of climate variability and change through damages from an increase in average atmospheric temperature, reduced average annual rainfall, and the potential for an increase in the intensity of tropical storms.

Conflicting and growing demands for water from various sectors place pressure on the limited financial resources available. The island has been exploring groundwater sources to meet demands. Access to critical information within the water sector is vital.

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Nepal is highly vulnerable to climate impacts, especially in the water sector where resources have been significantly depleted. One of the most susceptible districts is Ramechap, located above the Sunkoshi River, where the land is extremely dry and decreasing precipitation is severely impacting farmers. Water resources are especially vulnerable at high elevations where they are more sensitive to variability in rainfall patterns and timing, which contribute to increased drought frequency.

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Myanmar has substantial water resources; however, the resources are spatially and temporally unevenly distributed. Therefore, water‐related problems caused by different seasonal climate patterns vary depending on the geographic location. ‘Water resource management’ has been targeted as the main sector of concern for climate change adaptation in Myanmar. It was selected as the second priority level sector in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).

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Mongolia is in the arid and semi-arid region; therefore, the amount of precipitation generally is low. The larger part of precipitation falls in the warm season and only below 3% of winter precipitation falls as snow. The spatial distribution of precipitation in Mongolia is very specific due to a vast area, land composition, roughness and geographical peculiarity.

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Cambodia has limited access to high water quality and hygiene. Although there has been an improvement in urban areas, most rural areas still have difficulties in water and sanitation access. Sufficient supply of safe water (including drink water) is crucial for rural people and would enable them to adapt to climate change, particularly in the prolonged drought situation that have occurred in Cambodia.

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Tunisia is in one of the world’s most water-scarce and dry regions. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for Tunisia indicates that its economy, the population, and ecosystems are highly vulnerable to climate change. The country is expected to see shrinking of agricultural land areas due to increasing water scarcity. The reduction of agricultural GDP as a result of declining yields is estimated at about 5 to 10% by as early as 2030.