In this chapter, we attempt to answer the question: How can farmers and livestock keepers improve their livelihoods while reducing negative impacts on the environment? We focus on forage-based systems in the tropics, emphasizing smallholders and the role of forages. In particular, we address the potential of tropical forage-based systems not only to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions but also to sequester carbon in soil in substantial amounts to mitigate climate change. We also discuss the associated benefits of forage-based systemsto enhancing the eco-efficiency of farming in the tropics and to improving rural livelihoods. We identify opportunities in forage-based systems that are economically sustainable and socially equitable with the lowest possible ecological footprint.