For the pulp and paper industry (PPI), earlier research has shown that there are many technology pathways, both proven and new, available for improvement of energy efficiency and additional sales of (new) products. From a future perspective, it is not clear which pathway is the most profitable or which offers the lowest CO2 emissions due to uncertainties in both the future value of different products and the future development of energy infrastructure. This paper presents a synthesis of the authors" research work, which aims to analyze selected future technology pathways for the European PPI, focusing on Kraft pulp mills.