In the ESCWA region, consumption rates continue to outpace the natural rate of recharge of renewable freshwater resources, resulting in the over-extraction of water from fossil aquifers and reduction in renewable water resource availability per capita. This situation is likely to worsen in the face of climate change. Energy and water are critical natural resources, necessary for satisfying basic human needs and are of primary concern in the development of sustainable social and economic growth in harmony with the environment. This report examines SCP of energy and water in relation to one another, because the production and consumption of energy and water are closely linked.