National monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems in Nepal have evolved rapidly over the past decade. The national planning commission has developed new guidelines and approaches to move the government towards results-based management and the use of sectoral and national indicators. Across government, there are examples of improvements and good practice where targets and sectoral approaches are being used, and data management systems from the local to the national level are in operation. however, even systems with extensive data collection and systems for performance management, such as education and health, face challenges in moving from monitoring progress to evaluating performance, and in using data and frameworks to feedback into future planning processes. Within this context, the M&E of climate change adaptation is a newly emerging challenge and the government, with the support of the development partners, is trying a range of approaches to adaptation and its M&E.