This book focuses on the relationship between climate-change adaptation, rural development and the roles of trees and agroforestry. Reward schemes for environmental services (RES) in multifunctional landscapes, which provide incentives for maintaining or restoring multifunctionality, will contribute to a likely reduction in vulnerability to climate change. Rewards may well be an efficient and fair way of investing international funds in climate-change adaptation. The main hypothesis that we test in this book is that "agroforestry is a key component of mitigadaptation" or, in more detail, "investment in institutionalising rewards for the environmental services that are provided in multifunctional landscapes with trees is a cost-effective and fair way to reduce vulnerability of rural livelihoods to climate change and to avoid larger costs of specific "adaptation" while enhancing carbon stocks in the landscape".