This book focuses on the relationship between climate-change adaptation, rural development and the roles of trees and agroforestry. Climate changes, especially increased variability, affect landscapes, human livelihoods and trees in many ways. They are the consequence of a wider set of global change issues, including population increase, more consumption per capita and trade globalisation. Both people and trees can adapt to change at various time scales, but the current rate of change implies that pro-active planning as part of integrated rural development is needed.