This report focuses on rural energy needs in India, in particular energy for subsistence for livelihoods, mobility or infrastructure. It argues that in charting out a developmental pathway which is ecologically sustainable, India has a wider spectrum of choices precisely because it is at an early stage of development. It is highlighted that adaptation and mitigation go hand-in-hand and cannot really be separated. It states that there are opportunities for enhancing energy efficiency in all sectors and argues that a focus on research & development and immediate tangible benefits are key to community acceptance. It also asserts that post-project management is essential to ensure sustainability and that building capacities of communities to handle new products and motivating them towards their continued maintenance and up-gradation is very critical.