At a January 2010 conference, 'Investor Summit on Climate Risk' held in New York, more than 450 investors controlling over US$13 trillion in assets declared that action must be taken to preempt international climate change treaties in order to develop sustainable economies, chiefly through the carbon market. The commodification of pollution is inspired by the rationale of market efficiency: major polluters issued with permits are incentivised to emit less, thereby enabling them to make a profit selling excess permits to those less efficient. In order to limit the pollution bubble, the Kyoto Protocol’s ‘flexibility mechanisms’ facilitate a process allowing for polluters to finance carbon-light projects in countries that would otherwise engage in conventional methods. By doing so, securities are generated through various ‘offset’ tentacles designed to exploit the ‘underdeveloped’ status of countries that fail to access and utilise their share of the atmospheric commons.