Poor air quality in India threatens the health of millions of people, and the country’s inspection and maintenance program, called Pollution Under Control (PUC), is struggling with outdated test methods and problems with enforcement, according to the authors of this briefing. Near-term reforms to the PUC program are needed to meet the inspection and maintenance needs of the quickly modernizing fleet in India. New vehicle technology and testing methods provide opportunities to reform and improve on current vehicle inspection and maintenance practices.