The Africa Environment Outlook (AEO) is a tool of the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) for monitoring environmental management in Africa. This third edition focuses on the links between environment and health, and includes subsections on: air quality; biodiversity; chemicals and waste; climate change and variability; coastal and marine resources; freshwater and sanitation; and land. It finds that environmental risks contribute 28 per cent of Africa's disease burden, and highlights that environmental and health issues deserve priority consideration in national development. On climate change, the report recommends: integrating climate-related scientific findings into decision-making; building adaptive capacity; and strengthening early warning systems, preparedness and response.