This paper outlines the nature of the adaptation challenge, identifies past and present points of extension and advisory service (EAS) engagement, and proposes future responses. The paper focuses on the constraints and conditions of smallholder farmers in the tropics, as well as the natural resource base upon which agriculture depends. It is argued that extension and advisory service (EAS) providers have an immensely important role to play in serving as a critical link between farmers and sources of new information and tools, and in aiding behaviour change toward adapted practices among farming populations. It also argues that perceptions of public extension systems  as unimportant and outdated institutions will need to change, as will the performance of public systems themselves.