Unlike conventional flue and smoke tube boilers, once-through boilers have the characteristic technologies listed below.
· The basic structure has no steam drum and is a simple structure mainly composed of the header and water tube. The water content is very small, at approximately 1/20 to 1/30 that of conventional boilers.
· Special heat transfer fins are positioned at the appropriate places to enable compact boiler structure with high heat transfer performance.
· Optimized economizers can be included in a package to provide high efficiency.

On actual boiler facility, the required steam amount varies depending on the situation of the operation of the machinery using the steam. Boiler load adjustments, i.e. the combustion adjustments, are performed to respond to these variations. When boiler load falls, so does operation efficiency. A high proportion of boiler facility operation is in this low load region, which is important from the viewpoint of efficiency improvement and reduced carbon emissions. A solution to this is provided by a multiple installation system for once-through boilers.

Boiler management equipment refers to equipment which constantly monitors the boiler facility.
In addition to monitoring the operation situation and anomalies on the boiler, it also has a monitor function and recording function to display the historical data such as the steam pressure and amount of steam in real time.

High performance once-through boilers have a built-in communications function and it is possible to perform data communications with the maintenance office.
If any symptoms or anomalies occur on the boiler that may lead to failure, then the boiler itself connects to the office via a telephone line and reports the anomaly data.
Also, there are communications from the maintenance office to the boiler as appropriate and it is possible to collect data such as boiler efficiency and gain an understanding of the situation of the boiler operation.

In addition to improving the efficiency and reducing carbon emissions on the main unit of the boiler itself, it is also important that the unused waste heat is used effectively and that the heat losses from various points are reduced.
To this end, measures are taken such as heat recovery from the steam condensate after its use in the facility, recovery of the boiler blowdown heat, heat insulation on the steam piping, and action required for steam leaking from traps.

Understanding the existing situation is the first step to improving efficiency and reducing carbon emissions on boiler facility.
Analysis is performed at companies with boilers by organizing and analyzing the data from boiler management diaries or by measuring the actual operation situation and boiler efficiency by installing sensors such as flowmeters on the boilers when they are in operation.

CHP (Combined Heat and Power) units produce simultaneously heat and power from fuel gas, resulting in higher efficiency compared with separate provision of heat and power.
Micro Cogeneration CHP units in a wide range of small-scale applications both in public and private sectors, including schools, restaurants, nursing homes, health centers, offices, hotels and leisure centers, with a typical electrical power demand below 35 kW.
Efficiency is especially high in colder regions due to high demand for waste heat for heating or hot water supply.

Background: Algae are responsible for converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. However more than 20% of the world\\\'s oceans lack algae growth. The essential nutrient that is lacking in the algae-deficient surface waters is iron. However this iron must be (i) on the surface so that the algae can convert carbon dioxide to oxygen via photosynthesis and (ii) biologically available so that algae can use it. Technology Description: This technology describes the composition of and the method of production for water-buoyant particles that contain bioavailable iron.

Background: Whether we are past right on top of or heading towards peak oil production we are experiencing a consistent increase in demand for renewable energy sources as our dependence on oil becomes more prominent. There is much need for biofuel as a renewable source of energy as it has positive sustainability factors. Shell ExxonMobil and British Petroleum have made substantial investments in algal biofuel production. Any amount of fuel produced would be easily consumed by the market. Current methods of biofuel production utilize crops that could otherwise be used for agriculture.

Large scale utility energy storage is a growing market. Cost effective energy storage will increase the robustness and efficiency of the energy transmission grid will enable the development of a \"smart grid\"" and will facilitate the introduction of intermittent renewable energy conversion systems such as wind and solar. A recent report by Sandia National Laboratory identifies 17 major grid applications that could benefit from energy storage. The market for energy storage is estimated by this report to exceed $228 billion over the next 10 years.