GIZ (former GTZ) Proklima has compiled this publication to provide information on natural foam blowing agents as ozone- and climate-friendly alternatives to HCFCs. The first section of the book covers policy-related aspects of technology transition towards natural foam blowing agents and examines the impact legislative changes have on development and adoption of alternative technologies. The second part deals with the use of natural blowing agents in rigid and XPS foam, the conditions for conversion and special technologies. Part 3 comprises case studies from developing countries.

This presentation introduces the value of the integrated grid.

This report highlights two underutilized but fully implementable technologies that efficiently integrate heat and electricity systems, provide flexibility and enhance energy security. It examines what restricts co‑generation and efficient district heating and cooling systems that can help de-carbonize the energy system.

With more than half the Earth’s population now living in urban areas, some changes in the indoor and outdoor climates of cities are bound to occur. Climate scientists’ greatest concern is traditionally the urban heat island (UHI) effect – city areas where temperatures can be several degrees higher because there is lots of concrete and little blue or green infrastructure like lakes, rivers and parks. But another effect – air flow – can also cause serious health problems.