The climate-smart agriculture (CSA) concept reflects the ambition to improve the integration of agriculture development and climate responsiveness.

CSA technologies and practices present opportunities for addressing climate change challenges, as well as for promoting economic growth and development of the agriculture sector according to the authors of this country report on Sri Lanka.

India’s vulnerability to climate change impacts is profound since around 650 million Indians are dependent on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihoods; around 250 million Indians live along a 7500 km of coastline that is at high risk due to sea level rise and extreme weather events. Maximum number of business are situated near coastal areas and near river /other water bodies, many of the 10,000-odd Indian glaciers are receding at a rapid rate; and deforestation is happening (Garg et. al., 2015)

According to this study, a range of land management practices is available to help improve green water use efficiency. These practises can be classified according to their function. Hedgerow barriers and terraces can mitigate runoff; infiltration rates below hedgerows in Kenya were found to be three to eight times higher than where the crop was grown. Mulch that triggers soil fauna can improve water availability; mulching with straw from a local perennial grass in Burkina Faso doubled the water use efficiency from 1 kg mm-1 without fauna to 2 kg mm-1 with fauna.