The most commonly used conversion methods – combustion of waste to produce heat or electricity; anaerobic digestion to produce methane for heat or power production etc. all are well-established and commercial technologies. A further set of conversion processes – for example, the production of liquid fuels from cellulosic materials by biological or thermochemical conversion processes, such as pyrolysis – are at earlier stages of commercialisation or still under development.
Charcoal production
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SectorsObjective
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SectorsObjective
Biochar is a charcoal-like substance produced from agriculture and forest wastes which contains 70% carbon. It is used as soil enhancer to increase fertility, prevent soil degradation and to sequester carbon in the soil. Biochar can store carbon in the soil for as many as hundreds to thousands of years. Biochar can be produced through pyrolysis, gasification and hydrothermal carbonization, which leaves bio-oil and syngas as by-products. Small scale production can be through pyrolysis using modified stoves and kilns which are low cost and relatively simple technologies.
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Objective
Charcoal has been utilized in Kenya for many years. However, the industry has faced ups and downs with a ban to production and restrictions in use. As one of the steps towards streamlining this industry, KFS supported by UNDP is seeking to assess available technologies, especially within Kenya, that have been in use and evaluate their efficiency, replicability and management with regard to requirements of the new charcoal rules. The study takes the form of desk work and field work. The study report also indicates some of the areas where the technology has been in use as a case study.
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Type of National planObjectiveMitigationSectorsCountryZambia
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Technology
Project ID: D2011-30 Background:Biomass of non-lignocellulosic origin is typically composed of one or more of three components – protein starch and oils (such as triacylglycerides or other lipids). One of the concerns with thermochemical processing of protein-containing biomass is contamination of bio-oil with nitrogen-containing compounds (such as pyrozole pyridine maltol etc.) derived from protein. N-containing fuels are of low quality and may not pass fuel standards due to formation of NOx upon combustion.
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A technology involving generation of light by a cuboid metallic box lit with a drum containing wood charcoal generated from burning wood in the cuboid metallic box. It burns out in 12 hours.
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Background: Several companies have been formed around the fast pyrolysis technique. Fast pyrolysis is the rapid heating of biomass (up to 9000C) in the absence of oxygen. Process conditions cause biomass to vaporize and then liquefy into bio-oil. Bio-oil is viscous acidic and thermally unstable. On account of the high oxygen content it is also low in energy content. These features make it unsuitable for use as a liquid fuel. Upgrading it by removing the oxygen content and by converting some of the high molecular weight compounds is a significant challenge.