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Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building-block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. The global production of ammonia for 2012 is anticipated to be 198 million tonnes, a 35% increase over the estimated 2006 global output of 146.5 million tonnes. Ammonia, as used commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia. This term emphasizes the absence of water in the material. Because NH3 boils at ?33.34??C (?28.012??F) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the liquid must be stored under high pressure or at low temperature. 'Household ammonia' or 'ammonium hydroxide' is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baum? scale, with 26 degrees baum? (about 30% ammonia at 15.5??C) being the typical high-concentration commercial product.

Ammonia

  • High Rate of Microbial Production of N2O for Energy Generation

    Technology
    Ammonia

    Stanford researchers have developed a method for converting ammonia in wastewater into nitrogen gas while simultaneously generating power in a bioreactor system. This method produces energy from carbon and nitrogen waste and provides significant cost and energy savings over current options.

  • Climate Change in The La Plata Basin

    Publication date
    Objective
    Mitigation
    Sectors
    Water

    The objective of this book is to raise awareness in the hydrologic community of the important changes that have occurred in the climate and hydrology of the La Plata basin during recent decades. In a context of global climate change and of great regional changes, the assumption that series of climatological and hydrological observations are stationary must be regarded with suspicion. This book therefore presents an overview of the few available techniques for assessing future climate and hydrology.

  • Fuel Switch in the Ammonia Industry

    Objective
    Mitigation
    Sectors
    Renewable energy
    Industry

    This article gives a short overview of fuel switching in the ammonia industry. This includes the feasibility of the technology and operational necessities, the status of the technology and its future market potential, how the technology could contribute to socio-economic development and environmental problems and financial requirements and costs.

  • Simultaneous determination of trace heavy metals in ambient aerosols

    Publication date
    Approach
    Community based
    Disaster risk reduction

    The simultaneous determination of heavy metals associated with airborne particulate matter in the atmosphere of the city Isfahan (Iran) was performed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after pre-concentration with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The preconcentration procedure developed found instrumental to determine the trace heavy metals associated with ambient aerosols collected at a short sampling period or collected from rural areas where the concentrations of these metals are much less than those in urban areas.

  • Emissions of Fluorinated Substitues for Ozone Depleting Substances

    Publication date
    Objective
    Mitigation
    Sectors
    Industry

    HFCs and, to a very limited extent, PFCs, are serving as alternatives to ozone-depleting substances (ODS) being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Current and expected application areas of HFCs and PFCs include: refrigeration and air conditioning, fire suppression and explosion protection, aerosols, solvent cleaning and foam blowing. This chapter of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories provides a general framework and specialized guidance for estimating emissions from ODS substitutes and their different applications.

  • Natural gas combined cycle plants

    Sectors
    Renewable energy
    Objective
    Mitigation

    Fuel switching, or the replacement of fossil fuels with a high carbon content with low-carbon fuels, is one of the principal methods suggested to reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption in the near future. Since natural gas has a lower carbon content than coal or oil, switching from coal to gas as the primary fuel for electricity generation can result in a 50% reduction of CO2 emissions per kWh

  • Ammonia

    Sectors
    Industry
    Objective
    Mitigation

    Ammonia is the main product of the fertilizer industry. Developing countries account for the majority of worldwide production. About 77% of ammonia production is based on steam reforming of natural gas, with most of the remaining production based on heavy-oil or coal-based processes. A further shift from heavy-oil or coal-based to gas-based processes can strongly reduce energy use and emissions.