This paper, by drawing from the lessons learnt from research and development activities for about two decades in Malawi and Zambia, presents the case study of agroforestry-based land use practices (fertilizer tree/shrubs) to identify and highlight opportunities as well as policy/institutional challenges for assisting smallholder farmers to enhance climate change adaptation and mitigation in southern Africa region.

there are several initiatives to promote adaptation to climate change among coffee producers in Central America and at least two in Guatemala, these currently concentrate on development of adaptation plans and promoting sustainable production practices. It is considered that more scientific research is required to develop adaptation technologies Mitigation of the impacts to climate change can be divided into reducing the contribution to climate change from green house gas emissions - primarily as result of nitrogen fertilizer use - or reducing the carbon footprint from coffee production.