How do girls experience climate change in Ethiopia and Bangladesh? This report, based on participatory research in the two countries, argues that programmes and policies that do not recognise the different ways in which girls and boys are affected by climate change risk exacerbating pre-existing gender inequalities and are failing to tackle one of the root causes of vulnerability to climate risk.

Nearly one-third of all water-related disasters occur in Africa. The second issue of Joto Afrika considers the relationship between climate change, the greater incidence of extreme weather events, such as drought and flooding, and the increasing scarcity of water on the African continent. The briefing presents the following six articles and case studies, which reflect on experiences from different countries and regions:

This research report examines the future climate variability of hydrologic regimes and water resources of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin,and the potential impacts of dam operation policies both in the basin and to downstream countries in the 2050s.This report presents three steps for analysing climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources. The first is the construction of the climate change scenarios using multiple general circulation models (GCMs) to understand the current precipitation and temperature patterns.

This report aims to identify and examine the barriers to the adoption of low global warming potential alternatives to HCFCS in developing countries and to consider the various ways of overcoming these barriers.

A number of major hydropower schemes have been developed in the Zambezi river basin to ensure stable energy output. Although this main objective is well met, there is considerable scope to optimize operation of the plants. This paper presents the results of an integrated water resource management study, called the African Dams Project (ADAPTl) and focuses on how hydropower schemes can be adopted to meet environmental needs.

The study aims to provide comprehensive guidance to policy makers and practitioners in developing countries [Non-Annex I countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)] for the preparation of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories for the waste sector. Though GHG emissions from the waste sector are still comparatively low compared to other sectors, they are continuously rising in developing countries due to changing production and consumption patterns. Experience shows that emissions from this sector can be reduced significantly at relatively low costs.

Building on the expertise of the participants in their respective topics, coupled with guidance on implementation mechanisms and requirements towards a robust national MRV system through the training, the following main findings were developed:

- MRV Action Plans within four mitigation sectors;

- The mapping of information requests and data flows between institutions present at the workshop;

- A next step assessment focused on institutional and capacity, information and financial barriers for the sectors.

Development of NAMA handbook for Renewable Energy NAMAs in IRENA countries with guidance on the NAMA development process. While in a first step the development of NAMAs and the specific barriers for RE projects are discussed, a second step sketches RE NAMA country case studies for three countries (Tunisia, Chile and Mexico).