Against this background, this report (1) analyses and draws lessons from the efforts of some developed countries and adapts them to the characteristics of developing economies; (2) assesses the cost reduction potential and economic and financial affordability of various technologies in emerging markets; (3) evaluates the potential for cost reduction and associated economic benefits derived from local manufacturing and (4) suggests ways to tailor bidding models and practices, bid selection criteria and structures for power purchase agreements (PPAs) for concentrating solar thermal power (CST

GIZ (former GTZ) Proklima has compiled this publication to provide information on natural foam blowing agents as ozone- and climate-friendly alternatives to HCFCs. The first section of the book covers policy-related aspects of technology transition towards natural foam blowing agents and examines the impact legislative changes have on development and adoption of alternative technologies. The second part deals with the use of natural blowing agents in rigid and XPS foam, the conditions for conversion and special technologies. Part 3 comprises case studies from developing countries.

This presentation introduces the value of the integrated grid.

Rapid urbanization and aspirational change is causing unplanned land use and land cover changes. Unplanned and unforeseen development are resulting in micro-climate changes which are evident in urban areas. The relative change (mostly increase) in urban temperature profile compared to its rural counterpart is termed as urban heat island effect (UHI). Such changes give rise to challenges associated with service deficiency, un-engineered built environment, public health, and other issues.

Indian cities have experienced unforeseen population growth over the last two decades and this trend is expected to continue over the next two decades. With increasing population, the housing stock will grow manifold and affordable housing will be the biggest challenge to meet. One of the greatest fallouts of rapid urbanization is seen in dilapidated and congested dwellings for the economically weaker segment of the urban population. Both private developers and government schemes which cater to this segment of housing need to ensure digni ed and comfortable living for the urban poor.

This report highlights two underutilized but fully implementable technologies that efficiently integrate heat and electricity systems, provide flexibility and enhance energy security. It examines what restricts co‑generation and efficient district heating and cooling systems that can help de-carbonize the energy system.