This report describes the impact of wind power on the grid, methods to analyze the impact and approaches to mitigate the impact. Countries like Denmark, Germany and Spain, and regions within the United States that include Texas and Colorado have achieved high penetration of wind energy with modest changes to the grid. The key to high penetration of wind energy has been flexible grids, according to the authors. They outline the lessons learned and focus on their applicability to emerging wind energy markets.

The Tunisian Solar Plan is Tunisia's official long-term plan for renewable energy. It includes 2030 targets for investment in wind energy, solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. This report details a UNDP modelling analysis on possible government interventions needed to create an investment environment to meet these targets. The report supports effort to identify government interventions to be included in Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). The results provide quantitative data on the cost effectiveness of measures.

Numerous developing and emerging countries have ambitious plans for the development of renewable generation. Other countries show interest in renewable generation but corresponding plans are pending due to concerns relating to the consequences of fluctuating electricity generation. In both cases, the impact of renewable generation on system reliability and system security needs to be analysed in order to assess related risks and to propose mitigation measures for ensuring a secure and reliability power system operation in the presence of large penetration of renewable generation.

Effective responses to climate change require efforts by both the public and private sectors to develop and disseminate new environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) on a global scale, as well as to adapt them to local needs. However, due to a number of market failures and specific uncertainties, the spread of green technologies is less than optimal, which necessitates additional incentives. Based on a review of recent literature, the present Global Challenges

This paper describes Africa’s wind energy markets have evolved over the years and the structural characteristics affecting the development of wind energy projects on the continent. The paper also discusses technical, environmental and financial considerations that African countries need to take into account when developing wind energy projects.

This study examined the integration of renewable energy as part of the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative's Energy Agreement. The agreement includes a commitment to integrate up to 400 megawatts (MW) of offshore wind energy from Molokai or Lanai and to transmit it to Oahu via undersea cable systems.

Using long-term solar and wind energy power production data series, the authors of this journal article present a modelling approach to investigate the influence of storage size and efficiency on the pathway towards a 100% renewable energy sources scenario. Applying their approach to data for Germany, the authors found that up to 50% of the overall electricity demand could be met by an optimum combination of wind and solar resources without both curtailment and storage devices if the remaining energy is provided by sufficiently flexible power plants.