As the Paris Agreement is formalised and NDCs are standardised, it is a fair to assume that other countries will look to HELE coal technologies as part of their emissions reductions plans.

Effective responses to climate change require efforts by both the public and private sectors to develop and disseminate new environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) on a global scale, as well as to adapt them to local needs. However, due to a number of market failures and specific uncertainties, the spread of green technologies is less than optimal, which necessitates additional incentives. Based on a review of recent literature, the present Global Challenges