“Rectennas” are antennas that can receive radio signals and rectify them to generate electrical power for wireless power transfer. Potential applications for rectennas range from large-scale power transfer applications to small applications such as powering RFID tags or biomedical implants. The usefulness of rectennas is limited by the rectifying element which must convert the electromagnetic (AC) signal to a signal with a non-zero average (DC).

A collective water pumping system for domestic use and/or irrigation purposes in areas with no grid power or erratic supply of power from grid. An array of solar panels connected in series and parallel configuration generates the power and voltage required for the ATV312 Solar unit to drive the motor. The DC to AC frequency converter in the solar drive converts the DC voltage input to the drive to variable 3-phase AC voltage and frequency.

This invention develops a dynamic stochastic optimal power flow (DSOPF) control scheme to provide multi-objective optimal control capability to complex power systems. The DSOPF control may be implemented using nonlinear optimal control techniques including but not limited to the Adaptive Critic Designs and the model predictive control method. The invention provides a coordinated secondary AC power flow control solution to power systems with high penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems require electrical inverters to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) the standard type of electricity supplied by utilities. Inverters make up a large portion of capital costs because they must be replaced periodically over the lifetime of a solar system. The mean time before failures (MTBF) is about 3 -5 years for most PV inverters while the expected lifetime of PV cells is 20 years or more. Reductions in inverter costs as well as extended lifetimes would significantly reduce overall system costs.