This article evaluates the efficiency of Brazil's industrial sectors from 1996 to 2009, taking into account energy consumption and respective contributions to the country's economic and social aspects. This analysis used a mathematical programming method called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which enabled, from the SBM model and the window analysis, to evaluate the ability of industries to reduce energy consumption and fossil-fuel CO2Íemissions (inputs), as well as to increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by sectors, the persons employed and personnel expenses (outputs).
Brazil
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According to this article, rising affluence in major developing countries (principally China and India) and increasing diversion of agricultural resources for energy production (United States and Brazil) sharply increase agricultural resource demand. Food consumption and production changes during development are analysed using resource-based cereal-equivalent measures. Diet upgrades to livestock products require fivefold increases in per capita food resource use, reflecting a consistent pattern that is only marginally affected by land base.
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WEDO is an international women's global advocacy organisation focused on social, economic and environmental justice and sustainable development. To celebrate WEDO marking their twentieth anniversary, they have delved into their collective history to produce this review of significant milestones and moments of transformation in women's rights. Spanning from 1990 to 2012, the review takes the form of a year-by-year look at WEDO's work, beginning with how it all started.
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This book argues that well-designed decentralised renewable energy projects are both a mitigating and adaptive response to climate change. Decentralised renewable energy projects (DREs) address core sustainable development priorities and build adaptive capacity to climate change, without increasing greenhouse gas emissions.The first section explores linking mitigation and adaptation through energy access while the second section looks at the Clean Development Mechanism and decentralised renewable energy.
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Without gains from energy efficiency efforts, China, India and Brazil are projected to more than double their energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in a single generation, resulting in major impacts on the global energy system and climate.
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The report looks at the ecological and economic impacts on agriculture, and particularly the food systems, of the climate change projections of four general circulation models (GCMs), for a range of socio-economic future development pathsIt offers an ecological-economic assessment of the impacts of climate change on agriculture across all countries and regions of the world. The study looks at: climate-change induced environmental constraints to crop agricultureshifts in potential agricultural landchanges in crop production patternschanges of cereal production potential.
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High upfront costs for renewable energy technologies further compound the problem. Failure to account for externalities, such as health or the environment, coupled with fossil fuels subsidies, distort the market to the detriment of renewable energy. Knowledge and capacity among potential renewable energy financiers are often limited, resulting in increased risks and elevated costs.
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This report evaluates the institutional and regulatory framework for the promotion of renewable energy sources in Peru (e.g., hydropower, wind power, solar thermal and solar PV). The study also evaluates the cases of Brazil and Colombia.
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This study is an attempt to estimate the industrial environmental impacts of the FTAA in Brazil. The paper starts by explaining the basis of the study"s theoretical motivations. Next, it analyzes the growing effectiveness of the Brazilian environmental legal framework and discusses the findings of Mendes (1994) and Young (2002), showing that industrial environmental control costs are, on average, low and do not seem to restrict competitiveness.
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This article analyses possible domestic emissions trading systems (ETS) for six developing countries: Brazil, China, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, and South Korea. It also analyses the prospects of linking the developing countries to existing trading systems, in order to establish a harmonised international carbon market. It notes that the outlook of ETS differs from country to country. Brazil has established a stock exchange for voluntary carbon units which may precede a domestic trading scheme.