This paper presents the research and learning approach of a World Bank study, and offers emerging findings on policy, as well as institutional questions surrounding adaptation arenas in Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Ghana and Mozambique.

The South South North network adopts a pragmatic approach to tackling climate change and sustainable development. This module incorporates the main approaches and provides a toolkit for practitioners wishing to implement mitigation and/or adaptation in communities in developing countries. These tools and methodologies are gleaned from a learning-by-doing approach from projects implemented in Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Tanzania and Mozambique.
The paper describes six cross cutting programmes: 

This book argues that well-designed decentralised renewable energy projects are both a mitigating and adaptive response to climate change. Decentralised renewable energy projects (DREs) address core sustainable development priorities and build adaptive capacity to climate change, without increasing greenhouse gas emissions.The first section explores linking mitigation and adaptation through energy access while the second section looks at the Clean Development Mechanism and decentralised renewable energy.

This report provides the results of a review of the evidence that investments in electricity-generating capacity have benefits for poor people, and what factors influence that relationship. The review begins by elucidating a theory to break down the causal chain between additional renewable electricity generation capacity and poverty impacts in four stages or links, which can be formulated as four research questions: (1) What is the link between increased renewable electricity capacity and higher availability and reliability of supply?

This research project aims to investigate the impacts from fossil fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This initial scoping report finds no primary, quantitative research on the question of the gender-differentiated impact of fossil fuel subsidy reforms.

Over the past two decades, the NGO, Practical Action, has implemented a range of food and livelihoods projects with farmers in some of the most marginalised areas of Africa, Latin America and South Asia. A key component of these projects has been the development of local or community-based extension systems (CBES) to bring information, skills and services to farmers and livestock keepers who would otherwise have limited access to government or commercial extension services. This paper looks at policy-related issues surrounding these local extension systems.

The UK Department for International Development (DFID) commissioned this rapid desk-based study into the factors affecting choice of energy resource utilisation (with a focus on electricity generation). The results of the study will help to provide an improved understanding of the relative effect of each factor. The study also summarises available literature on how the factors have played out in six countries: Bangladesh; Chile; Kenya; Mozambique; Nepal; and Viet Nam.

This working paper summarises the findings from the provision of technical assistance to nine developing countries as they prepare their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) for submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

This paper highlights the challenges that governments face in implementing their international climate change policy commitments and the means to addressing these challenges. The authors note that international action on climate change is a relatively new phenomenon and legal systems were designed prior to the establishment of the multilateral climate change regime. Therefore, countries face systemic legal and institutional gaps and challenges in responding to climate change at the domestic level.The paper presents 12 recent examples of best practices in legal and institutional reform.

Climate change financing initiatives have emerged as a prominent part of international development activities through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, and it has become evident that political factors are vital in ensuring that the international initiatives achieve both their climate change and development objectives.