The use of advanced biofuels, meaning here those produced from agricultural or forest residues or energy crops, in transport is generally viewed as a sustainable manner in which to mitigate the growing climate impact of the transport sector.
This report studies the situation of biofuels in Brazil. Some of the conclussions arrising from the article are: first the development of first generation ethanol implementation has not provided stimulus to spur cellulosic or advanced biofuel legislation and developement. Second, if cellulosic or advanced biofuels are to be developed to large scale and play an important role in the future fuel transport mix, Brazil should be taking more steps into the promotion of such fuels, helping to diversity the feedstock sources as it currently does with sugarcane in first generation.
Many industrial countries have agreed to binding reductions of greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol. A carbon tax is one of the most efficient instruments available to achieve this objective. While such a tax could generate substantial revenue, it could also reduce the rate of economic growth, worsen the distribution of income, and erode the competitiveness of a country.s exports. This paper reviews the literature for empirical evidence on the seriousness of the carbon tax's macroeconomic impacts.
This report address two questions: What are the environmental, social and economic impacts of using alternative fuels compared with conventional fuels in cement manufacturing? How does the use of alternatives in cement manufacturing compare with other possible end-of-life options like recycling or disposal in landfills? Systematic reviews collate, analyze and synthesize the body evidence from both academia and practice on a topic. As a result, they provide a powerful tool in moving forward research, business practice and public policy.
This paper--a product of the Environment and Energy Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the department to analyse economic, social and environmental impacts of biofuels.
The Senegalese government contacted the United Nation’s Climate Technology Centre & Network (CTCN) to assist with introducing innovative technologies - to help local industry implement energy efficient solutions - and better utilize waste and bi-products - while at the same time improving competitiveness and productivity.
Background: Whether we are past right on top of or heading towards peak oil production we are experiencing a consistent increase in demand for renewable energy sources as our dependence on oil becomes more prominent. There is much need for biofuel as a renewable source of energy as it has positive sustainability factors. Shell ExxonMobil and British Petroleum have made substantial investments in algal biofuel production. Any amount of fuel produced would be easily consumed by the market. Current methods of biofuel production utilize crops that could otherwise be used for agriculture.
The primary synthesis product is methanol an alcohol with chemical and physical properties that are nearly identical to ethanol. The means to synthesize carbon-neutral fuels is designed to be self-contained easily transportable and may be operated at existing sites that emit carbon dioxide (e.g. fermentation plants) and/or sites with abundant (renewable) low cost electricity which may be used to disassociate water in order to obtain the requisite hydrogen. The plant consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or carbon dioxide destined to be emitted into the atmosphere (e.g.
Lignocellulosic biomass is a very desirable feedstock for biofuel production. If the fermentation process for lignocellulose could be optimized conversion of this biomass could yield 25 to 50 billion gallons of ethanol or other biofuels per year. However lignocellulose which is composed of lignin cellulose and hemicelluloses is resistant to chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis. This resistance is a key limiting step in the conversion of biomass into fermentable sugars.